An airplane (American English), or aeroplane (Commonwealth English), informally plane, is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine.

Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research.

Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world’s cargo movement.

Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled such as drones.

 

Forces Of Flight

Aeroplanes rely on four different scientific forces to fly – thrust, drag, weight and lift – all of which act against each other. When they are all balanced, a plane will fly in a nice, straight line.

All four forces have to be present for a plane to get into the air, but lift is what keeps it there.

Lift is generated by the wings and they have changed a lot in the last 100 years. Let’s see how they work.

 

 

Changing Shapes

When early aviators the Wright Brothers started experimenting with designs, their first wings were short and stubby. After tests failed to generate as much lift as they’d hoped, they went back to the drawing board.

Eventually they found that a wing which was long and narrow was better for flying, generating much more lift and less drag.

Their calculations were so effective that modern designs haven’t strayed too far from those early sketches..

 

The Angle Of Attack

The shape of a wing is called an aerofoil. It looks like a teardrop with a long curved edge on top and a short flatter edge on the bottom.

Air flows faster over the top edge, creating low air pressure. When there’s a difference in air pressure between the top and bottom of the wing, it sucks the plane upwards, creating lift.

The ‘angle of attack’ is the angle at which the wing meets the air. When tilted slightly upwards, the wing forces more air to move downwards over the top edge and the reaction is the air pushing the wing upwards.

 

Wings Of The Future

Modern aviation is all about creating designs that save on journey times, money and fuel. Many planes are now equipped with technology like wing tip devices, which help with this by decreasing drag.

Engineers are always looking at ways to make planes more efficient and wing design is one of the most important ways of achieving this.

Designs of the future could include huge, curved wing shapes, wings which fold out when a plane is in the air and even wings which are part of the plane’s body rather than having to be attached separately.

 

 

What Happens At The Airport

The airport can be a scary place if you don’t know how it works. It seems impossible to keep control of such a busy place but there are lots of ‘superheroes’ working behind the scenes to make sure everything runs smoothly.

You might not even notice, but from the time you arrive at the front door until you’re safely in the air, your journey is managed like a well-oiled machine. Well…most of the time!

 

Check In

Your first stop will be the check in desk. This is where you drop your bag and get your boarding pass – your ticket to get on the plane – but first you’ll need to show your passport.

Check in staff will stick a luggage tag on your bag to make sure it gets to the right place. It contains all of your flight details and a special three letter code for the airport you’re flying to.

These tags don’t look like much, but they’re resistant to cold, heat, sunlight, ice, oil and moisture, plus practically indestructible!

 

Security

No-one gets on a plane before passing through airport security. It’s their job to make sure that dangerous situations don’t arise in the airport building or on a flight.

Any bags you want to take on the plane will have to be checked for dangerous items. Some of these, like flammable liquids and knives are obvious, but did you know you can’t travel with party poppers?

You’ll also have to step through the metal detector. This uses electrical pulses to create a magnetic field which picks up metal items that could be hidden under clothes.

 

 

Air Traffic Control

You might spot the air traffic control tower near the runway. That’s where the staff use radar screens and radios to keep track of all of the planes coming and going.

They help avoid delays by ensuring every pilot knows where to land and has a slot, or place in the queue, to take off. In the UK, air traffic controllers deal with over 6,000 flights per day.

Just like there are roads for vehicles on the ground, planes use airways in the sky. These can be up to ten miles wide and 24,000 feet high.

 

Baggage Loading

Your bags don’t just magically appear at your destination – they make the journey with you. First they have to be lifted and loaded and that’s the job of the baggage handlers.

Remember those luggage tags from earlier? They also have a series of barcodes which are scanned by special machines as your bag makes its way around the airport on a huge network of conveyor belts.

Once ferried to the right location, the baggage handlers transfer all of the bags to the plane and sort them like a jigsaw puzzle to use up all of the available space and make sure the weight is balanced.

 

On Board

Getting on the plane is called ‘boarding’ and cabin crew staff will be waiting to help you. It’s their job to look after your comfort and safety on the flight.

Before take-off, cabin crew will make sure there are enough supplies for the journey, check safety equipment, like seat belts and lifejackets, and show you how to use them.

Not only are cabin crew trained to deal with emergency situations and deliver first aid, once in the air they’ll serve food and drink and sell things like perfume and train tickets for when you land.

 

 

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Posted on: October 27, 2023, by : Gordon McQue